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Its a really important site of effect, she says

Serious safety concerns are rare but include: Systemic infections : Immunocompromised individuals, those with central venous catheters, or patients with damaged gut barriers face increased risk of bacteremia or fungemia from probiotic organisms [19] [20] Antibiotic resistance transfer : Some probiotic strains may carry antibiotic resistance genes Metabolic complications : Rare cases of D-lactic acidosis have been reported with high-dose probiotic use [25] Specific populations requiring caution include patients with severe acute pancreatitis (based on the PROPATRIA trial showing increased mortality), short bowel syndrome, immunosuppression (HIV/AIDS, chemotherapy, organ transplant recipients), and critically ill individuals

One meta-analysis and systemic review of 26 trials published in April 2025 in JAMA Neurology suggested that they could help lower dementia risk

For example, a GLP-1/oestradiol conjugate reduced food intake and body weight in different rodent models of the metabolic syndrome, displaying greater efficacy than GLP-1 alone [100]

Fatourechi V

Targeted delivery remains one of the central challenges to the broader applications of oligonucleotide-based therapies, and achieving efficient tissue-selective delivery beyond the liver remains a critical unmet need