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Description
In humans, exenatide reduced reactive oxygen species generation and expression of NF-B, TNF-, interleukin-1, c-Jun N-terminal kinase-1, toll-like receptor-4, and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 in obese patients with T2DM, independent of weight loss [84]
It also reduced a secondary kidney composite outcome (sustained 50% eGFR decline, ESKD, or renal death) by 44%
The ability of GLP-1 to act directly on iNKT cell has been demonstrated, since iNKT cell lines for human express GLP-1R which stimulation results in augmented cAMP levels [105]
The drug is metabolized via proteolytic cleavage and beta-oxidation of the fatty acid side chain, with metabolites excreted primarily in urine and feces
(Graphic: Business Wire) These outcomes stand in stark contrast to other real-world results of GLP-1 weight loss treatments
Eat even slightly more, and weight gain begins
