glp 1 diabete GLP-1 and the kidney: from physiology to pharmacology and outcomes in diabetes GLP-1 Genetics: How Genes Affect

Together, Marks argues, this work 'established beyond any doubt, the hormonal nature of glucagon even though no endocrinological disease had yet been identified as a result of its over or under secretion' (Marks 2018)

Once-daily subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of the potent NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice led to a dose-dependent decrease in food intake and body weight (Extended Data Fig

Orally inoculated Escherichia coli strains colonize the gut and increase bacterial translocation after stress in rats

Five clinical trials (SURPASS 1-5 trials) conducted in patients with T2DM showed that tirzepatide at 5-15 mg per week could reduce body weight (5.4-11.7kg), which was never seen with a single drug (129)

Aim for 20-30g at each eating occasion

Measurement Methods Gold Standard: DEXA Scan Most accurate body composition measurement Shows exact muscle mass, bone density, fat mass Recommended every 3-4 months Cost: $50-150 per scan Accessible Options: Bioelectrical Impedance Scale: Less accurate but tracks trends ($30-100 one-time purchase) Progress Photos: Same lighting, same pose, same time of day, monthly Circumference Measurements: Waist, hips, thighs, arms, chest (use measuring tape) Strength Benchmarks: Track weights reps in your training log How Clothes Fit: Looser waist but same shoulder/thigh fit = good sign Red Flags That Suggest Muscle Loss Strength decreasing despite consistent training Losing more than 2-3 lbs per week consistently Feeling weaker or unusually fatigued during workouts Clothes fitting looser everywhere (not just waist) DEXA or BIA showing decreased lean mass If you notice these signs, increase protein intake by 20-30g daily and reassess in 2 weeks