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Hepatology (2011) 53:44857

10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.08.022 124

doi: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i46.7290

M1 macrophages are characterized by high inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors, whereas M2 macrophages express molecules such as arginase-1 (Arg1) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) and participate in tissue repair ( in vivo do not exist as fixed binary states, but rather display a continuum of functions shaped jointly by microenvironmental signals, metabolic reprogramming, and epigenetic regulation ( In recent years, studies of immunometabolism have gradually revealed the important role of metabolic reprogramming in regulating immune cell function

Nat Genet 27 : 327331

The mechanisms of autophagic cell death can depend on certain cells in response to different conditions