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ALC has been shown to increase cellular energy (ATP) production and has been found, in combination with lipoic acid, to lower oxidative stress

Its decreasing levels can contribute to such chronic diseases as cardiovascular issues, diabetes, and cancer The production of glutathione can decline with age or in response to excessive stress and toxin exposure

Individual and units do not rotate Image by Aleia Kim 445 Figure 5.31 - Respiration overview in eukaryotic cells Wikipedia YouTube Lectures by Kevin HERE & HERE 446 Rest ATP High / ADP Low Oxidative Phosphorylation Low Electron Transport Low Oxygen Use Low NADH High / NAD+ Low Citric Acid Cycle Slow Exercise ATP Low / ADP High Oxidative Phosphorylation High Electron Transport High Oxygen Use High NADH Low / NAD+ High Citric Acid Cycle Fast Interactive Learning Module HERE 447 Figure 5.32 - Three inhibitors of electron transport Image by Aleia Kim 448 Figure 5.33 - Oligomycin A - An inhibitor of ATP synthase Figure 5.34 - 2,4 DNP - an uncoupler of respiratory control 449 In Cells With Tight Coupling O2 use depends on metabolism NAD+ levels vary with exercise Proton gradient high with no exercise Catabolism depends on energy needs ETS runs when OxPhos runs and vice versa In Cells That Are Uncoupled O2 use high NAD+ Levels high Little or no proton gradient Catabolism high OxPhos does not run, but ETS runs rapidly YouTube Lectures by Kevin HERE & HERE 450 451 Figure 5.35 - Alternative oxidase (AOX) of fungi, plants, and protozoa bypasses part of electron transport by taking electrons from CoQ and passing them to oxygen