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In large human studies, elevated TMAO levels have been independently associated with atherosclerotic heart disease and have been shown to predict major adverse cardiac events [68]

LVESV: left ventricular end-systolic volume

For example, a study by the NCBI concluded that early treatment with L-Carnitine after myocardial infarction and continued therapy for 12 months could lessen left ventricular dilation in the first 12 months after infarction

doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2014.06.008

This trial also observed no significant changes in glycemic control or insulin sensitivity [5]

doi: 10.1016/j.suc.2007.03.005 44 ChoyMCVisvanathanKDe CruzP