publicly traded companies glp-1 receptor agonist manufacturers Oral Non-Peptide Agonists Market Key Players GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Market Size,

Metabolism (2020) 109:154272

Nevertheless, chronic treatment of diabetic mice with P5 increased adipogenesis, reduced adipose tissue inflammation as well as hepatic steatosis and was more effective at correcting hyperglycaemia and lowering haemoglobin A 1c levels than Exendin-4, suggesting that GLP-1R G-protein-biased agonists may provide a novel therapeutic approach to T2DM

Pfizer halted development of its oral GLP-1 danuglipron in 2025 after a trial participant developed liver injury, reflecting safety concerns that require ongoing monitoring with real-world data

The most frequent gastrointestinal side effects include: Nausea and vomiting : Very common, typically most pronounced during dose escalation Diarrhoea : Common to very common, though usually mild to moderate Constipation : Can occur due to delayed gastric emptying and reduced gut motility Abdominal pain and discomfort : Common Dyspepsia and gastro-oesophageal reflux : May worsen in susceptible individuals Other important adverse effects include: Gallbladder disorders : Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis have been reported, particularly with weight loss Dehydration and acute kidney injury : May occur secondary to severe gastrointestinal symptoms Hypoglycaemia : Risk increases when used with insulin or sulfonylureas, which may require dose adjustment Current limited evidence does not suggest an increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) flares with GLP-1 agonists, though more data are needed

3 Pharmacotherapeutic potential of GIP and GLP-1 3.1 Therapeutic potential in T2DM Despite being the first identified incretin, GIP was initially disregarded as a viable therapeutic approach for T2DM

Enebo LB, Berthelsen KK, Kankam M et al (2021) Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of concomitant administration of multiple doses of cagrilintide with semaglutide 2.4 mg for weight management: a randomised, controlled, phase 1b trial